Direct Narration And Indirect Narration

 Direct Narration And Indirect Narration

Word spoken by a person can be reported to another in two ways, these two ways of narration are called direct –indirect speech.

 

1. Direct Narration

                          When we use direct speech we quote the actual words said by the speaker.

Examples

1. She said,” I write a letter.”

2. Ibrahim said,” I will write a letter.”

3. He said, “She eats an Apple.”

 

2. Indirect Narration

                               When we use indirect speech don’t quote the exact word said by the speaker instead, we express the idea in our own words.

Examples 

1. She said that she wrote a letter.

2. Ibrahim said that he would write a letter.

3. He said that she eats an Apple.

 

Rule No: 1

                    Change Personal Pronouns

 

1. First Personal Pronoun              I            My       Me  

                                                           We       Our      Us

 

2. Second Personal Pronoun        You       Yours   You

 

3. Third Personal Pronoun            They     Their    Them

                                                            He        His        Him

                                                            She      Hers      Her

                                                             It           Its         It                                                            

 

 

Normally we make change the following change in the pronoun of the reported speech.

Rule No: 2

·        1^st person pronoun (I, we) of the reporting speech change according to the subject of reported speech.

·        2^nd person pronoun (You) of the reporting speech change according to the object of the reported speech.

·        3^rd person pronoun (they, he, she, it) of the reported speech does not change.

 

 

 

                Table

 

Personal pronoun              1st Personal       2nd Personal            3rd Personal         reported speech               Pronoun              Pronoun                  Pronoun       Change according            Subject                  Object                    No Change to the subject of              the reporting speech.

 

Rule No: 3

                   Table for change in tense of reported speech for all tenses.

  Present Simple Tense                           change into           Past Simple Tense

  Present Continuous Tense                   change into          Past Continuous Tense

 Present Perfect Tense                           change into          Past Perfect Tense

  Present Perfect Continuous Tense     change into           Past Perfect Continuous Tense

 Past Simple Tense                                  change into           Past Perfect Tense

  Past Continuous Tense                          change into           Past Perfect Continuous Tense

  Future Simple Tense                              change into           Will/Shall=>        Would/Should

  Future Continuous Tense                      change into           Will/Shall be=>Would/Should be  

  Future Perfect Tense                              change into           Will/Shall have=>Would/Should have

Rule No: 4

                When reporting verb is of past tense, then the following words of reported speech are change as per below.

Direct Speech                            Indirect Speech

                         Ago                                                     Before/Later

                         Here                                                   There

                         These                                                Those

                         This                                                    That

                         Today                                                 That day

                         Two days ago                                   Two days before/later

                         This year                                            That year

                         Tomorrow                                         The Next day

                         Last Night                                          The previous Night

                          Next week                                       The following week                                                     

                          Hence                                               Thence

                          May                                                  Might

                          Must                                                 Has to/Have to/Had to                                                         

                          Shall                                                  Should

                          Will                                                   Would

                         Can                                                    Could                                                            

                         Yesterday                                          The previous day

 

Rule No: 5

                 If Tense of reporting verb is either present family or future family tenses, we don’t make change in the tense of reported speech

 

Rule No: 6

                  If any universal truth, proverb, habitual act, historical fact, unchanged fact imaginary condition comes in reported speech, then tense of reported does not change even if reported verb is of past tense.

Rule No: 7

                 In all simple tenses, comes comma (,) and inverted comma (“…”) are removed and word “That” is used to join both the parts.